a, PBMCs isolated from whole blood from a third healthy donor were treated with live (~20 bacteria/cell) and heat-killed (~20 particles/cell) Bp338 from the same bacterial culture. Time points were collected at 0, 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 12 hours. Data were selected as in previous figures and the Euclidean distance between the two time courses was calculated (see Methods). The resulting ~400 genes with Euclidean distance greater than 2 are displayed in hierarchical cluster format. The 0.5 hour time point is not displayed in the cluster due to lower data quality. The names of selected genes are displayed next to the cluster. b, The average of 8 independent measurements of TNFa expression during treatment with both live and killed Bp338 are displayed with error bars representing standard error of the mean. c, The average area under the curve (see Methods) of the expression measurements for multiple copies of TNFa are displayed for the PBMC experiments, treated with live and killed B. pertussis, and for U937 cells, treated with isogenic mutants of B. pertussis which lack toxins that influence levels of intracellular cAMP.